How clearly the report sets out its research question in context and explains a method someone else could repeat.
- Stronger evidence
- The question is set in a specific, well-chosen context, method considerations are explained, and the method is detailed enough for someone else to repeat.
- Early-stage evidence
- The research question appears without context, method considerations are only mentioned, and the method is too thin for someone else to repeat.
How clearly and precisely the report records and processes data, including uncertainties, in ways that answer the question.
- Stronger evidence
- Recording and processing are clear and precise, uncertainties are handled appropriately, and the processing is correct and relevant to the question.
- Early-stage evidence
- Recording and processing are hard to follow and imprecise, uncertainties are barely considered, and processing has major gaps or errors.
How well the conclusion answers the research question from the analysis and compares the result with accepted science.
- Stronger evidence
- The conclusion is justified, fully consistent with the analysis, and supported by a relevant comparison with accepted science. Practical implications are explained.
- Early-stage evidence
- A relevant conclusion is given, but the analysis does not support it and the comparison with accepted science is superficial. Practical implications are stated.
How well the report judges the weaknesses of its method and suggests realistic improvements.
- Stronger evidence
- The report explains how much each specific weakness affected the results and explains realistic improvements that target them.
- Early-stage evidence
- Only generic weaknesses are named, and realistic improvements are simply listed.