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Figure 1 shows nuclear notation and schematic emission and absorption spectra for an element.
In the nuclear notation shown in Figure 1, state what and represent, and calculate the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Describe one feature of the line positions in the spectra shown in Figure 1.
Explain how the spectra provide evidence that atomic energy levels are discrete.
One possible neutron-induced fission reaction of uranium-235 is
²³⁵₉₂U + ¹₀n → ¹⁴¹₅₆Ba + ⁹²₃₆Kr + 3 ¹₀n
The following rest masses are available:
| Particle or atom | Rest mass / u |
|---|---|
| ²³⁵U | 235.043930 |
| ¹n | 1.008665 |
| ¹⁴¹Ba | 140.914411 |
| ⁹²Kr | 91.926156 |
Distinguish between spontaneous fission and neutron-induced fission.
For the reaction and data above, use 1 u c² = 931.5 MeV and 1 MeV = 1.60 × 10⁻¹³ J.
Determine the energy released in the reaction, in MeV.
Using your answer to (b)(i), express the energy released in joules.
Explain how neutrons released in fission can sustain a chain reaction in uranium-235.
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