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Biology HL

SLHL

Chapter 3: DNA and Protein Synthesis

Follow genetic information from faithful DNA copying through transcription, RNA processing and translation, then investigate mutation, gene editing and epigenetic control.

Estimated chapter time: 525 minutes

IB syllabus: D1.1 · D1.2 · D1.3 · D2.2 · SL and HL

Chapter Topics

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  1. 1How this chapter works
    1. 1.1Information beyond bases
    2. 1.2Direction in diagrams
    3. 1.3Copying, expression and regulation
  2. 2Semi-conservative replication
    1. 2.1Parental templates
    2. 2.2Meselson–Stahl evidence
    3. 2.3Accuracy and variation
  3. 3Replication enzymes and direction
    1. 3.1Polymerase direction
    2. 3.2Leading and lagging strands
    3. 3.3Enzyme sequence
  4. 4Amplification, profiling and sequencing
    1. 4.1PCR target selection
    2. 4.2Gel electrophoresis
    3. 4.3Sequencing and diagnosis
  5. 5Transcription and gene activation
    1. 5.1RNA polymerase
    2. 5.2Promoters and factors
    3. 5.3Nucleosome access
  6. 6Translation and genetic code
    1. 6.1Codons and code
    2. 6.2tRNA and anticodons
    3. 6.3Ribosome chain growth
  7. 7Non-coding DNA and processing
    1. 7.1Non-coding functions
    2. 7.2RNA processing
    3. 7.3Protein maturation
  8. 8Mutation consequences
    1. 8.1New alleles
    2. 8.2Substitutions and frameshifts
    3. 8.3Mutation case studies
  9. 9Gene tools, mutagens and cancer
    1. 9.1Gene knockout
    2. 9.2CRISPR–Cas editing
    3. 9.3Mutagens and cancer
  10. 10Gene regulation and epigenetics
    1. 10.1Multi-stage regulation
    2. 10.2Epigenetic marks
    3. 10.3Differentiation
  11. 11Inheritance and environment
    1. 11.1Imprinting and reprogramming
    2. 11.2Twin studies
    3. 11.3Hormones and lac operon
  12. 12Chapter synthesis
    1. 12.1Information checkpoints
    2. 12.2Sequence discipline
    3. 12.3Evidence and alternatives

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